INTRODUCTION OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE Biomedical waste is any type of waste that is generated or produced at the time of performing research, giving healthcare and undertaking investigations or related procedures on human beings or animals. This waste may come or produced from hospitals, clinics, laboratories or similar establishments. Biomedical waste is also known as hospital … Read more
S.N Action potential S.N Graded potential 1. It is the electrical potential change that occurs when impulse transmits along the membrane of the nerve or muscle cell. 1. It is the membrane potential that can vary in amplitude. 2. Related with long distance signal. 2. Related with short distance signal. 3. Occurs in two phases … Read more
Introduction These are collectively called respiratory protective reflexes. Protects lungs and air passage from foreign particles. These reflexes modify respiratory process so that elimination of foreign particles occurs. Thus, foreign particles cannot enter into the respiratory tract. Are involuntary in nature and occurs instantaneously in response to stimulus. A) Cough reflex One of the modified respiratory … Read more
Various non-respiratory functions are also shown by respiratory tract. Not only gaseous exchange that is the primary function of it. Lungs show defense barrier and metabolic functions. It is the main organ of respiration. Some important compounds are synthesized by it. Non-respiratory functions are: a) Olfaction Provides olfactory sensation. Presence of olfactory receptors in mucus … Read more
INTRODUCTION OF HEART FAILURE Heart failure is also called cardiac failure. It is a condition where heart fails to supply sufficient amount of blood. This condition of insufficient blood supply occurs in all parts of the body. There may be the involvement of left ventricle or right ventricle or both. Heart failure can be of acute … Read more
A chemical substance present in neuron. Transmits nerve impulse from one to another neuron. Thus also called a mediator for impulse transmission. Transmission occurs through synapse. Discovered first by Otto Loewi in 1921. Was an Austrian scientist who practically came out with this discovery. Criteria for Neurotransmitters Various substances are categorized as neurotransmitters. Following criteria … Read more
S.N Insulin S.N Glucagon 1. Secreted by red color β-cells of islets of Langerhans. 1. Secreted by green color α-cells of islets of Langerhans. 2. Decreases blood fatty acids. 2. Increases blood fatty acids. 3. Decreases blood glucose level. 3. Increases blood glucose level. 4. Over secretion leads to hypoglycemia. 4. Over secretion leads to … Read more
Anti-coagulants: Those substances that do not allow blood to coagulate by preventing or postponing it. Taken as medicines, given to the people who have high risk of getting clot. Minimize the chance of facing serious situations of heart attack and strokes. Also called blood thinners. Are of three types: A) Anticoagulants in blood clotting prevention … Read more
Swelling in the tissues caused by excessive accumulation of fluid. Can be generalized and local. In generalized edema, entire body is involved. Local edema occurs in some specific body areas. Areas like abdomen, lungs, feet, ankles, legs are involved. There is accumulation of fluid which may be outside and inside the cell. Edema Types Depending … Read more
Fluid present in eyeball. Responsible to maintain eyeball shape. Two types: a) Aqueous humor and b) Vitreous humor Aqueous Humor Fluid thin in nature present in front of retina. Space is present in between lens and cornea. Aqueous humor fills that space. The space also divides into anterior and posterior chamber. Iris divides the space … Read more