The differences between Salk and Sabin type vaccine are as follows: S.N Salk type (IPV) S.N Sabin type (OPV) 1. Stands for inactivated polio vaccine. 1. Stands for oral polio vaccine. 2. Virus used is killed and formalized. 2. Virus used is live and attenuated. 3. Administered subcutaneously or intra muscularly. 3. Administered orally. 4. … Read more
The domestic sewage or liquid industrial waste that cannot be discarded in untreated form into water sources like lakes or streams due to public health, economic, environmental and aesthetic considerations is called wastewater. The treatment of wastewater relies on industrial scale use of microorganisms for bio-conversion. Wastewater enters a treatment plant and following the treatment, … Read more
Beers and ales are alcoholic beverages that are popular and produced worldwide by the fermentation of grains and other sources of starch. Grape and other fruit juices are not used for these products as they are fermented for the production of wine. Although both the brewing and wine industries uses yeast to catalyze the fermentation … Read more
Chemical and physical state of the environment greatly affects the activities of the microorganisms. Many environmental factors can be considered among which four key factors control the growth of all microorganisms: temperature, pH, water availability and oxygen. Some other factors can also potentially affect the growth of microorganisms like pressure and radiation. Temperature It is … Read more
The oral cavity is one of a complex, heterogeneous microbial habitat. Saliva contains microbial nutrients, but it is not an especially good growth medium because the nutrients are present in low concentration. Also the saliva contains antimicrobial substances. Saliva contains an enzyme lysozyme that cleaves glycosidic linkages in peptidoglycan present in the bacterial cell wall, … Read more
These bacteria carry out an-oxygenic photosynthesis. Thus, unlike the cyanobacteria oxygen is not released by these groups. These bacteria are a morphologically diverse group and their classification has been established along phylogenetic, morphological and physiological lines. Different genera fall within the Alpha-, Beta-, or Gammaproteobacteria. Bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoid pigments are present on them. Due to … Read more
Many microorganisms including prokaryotes and eukaryotes respond to adverse conditions by forming spores. When the good condition returns once, the spore germinates and the microorganism returns to its normal life cycle. Among the bacterial group, the genus Bacillus is well known for the formation of endospores which means the spores formed inside the mother … Read more
Because of the variability in the clinical manifestations of infection and frequent absence of jaundice, leptospirosis should always be considered in case of undiagnosed pyrexia (PUO). It is done especially when the patient could have been exposed to infection through the nature or place of work or in some other way. After an incubation period … Read more
The mutualistic association of plant roots and fungi is known as mycorrhizae. There are generally two types of mycorrhizae. They are: A) Ecto-mycorrhizae In this type, fungal cells form an extensive sheath around the outside of the root and there is only a little penetration into the root tissue itself. These are found mostly in … Read more
There are various types of microorganisms that are to be dealt in laboratory. Their potentiality to cause or infect the laboratories workers may differ from one another. The level of containment used to prevent accidental infections or accidental environmental contamination in clinical, research and teaching laboratories must be adjusted. It is done to counter the … Read more