Gastrointestinal Hormones
| Name of Hormones | Source of secretion | Functions (Actions) |
| 1. Gastrin
|
G-cells in stomach
TG cells in GI tract Islets in fetal pancreas Anterior pituitary Brain
|
Stimulates gastric secretion and motility.
Promotes growth of gastric mucosa. Stimulates release of pancreatic hormones. Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice. Stimulates secretion of pancreatic hormones.
|
| 2. Secretin
|
S cells of small intestine
|
Stimulates secretion of watery and alkaline pancreatic secretion.
Inhibits gastric secretion and motility. Constricts pyloric sphincter. Increases potency of cholecystokinin action. |
| 3. Cholecystokinin | I cells of small intestine | Contracts gallbladder.
Stimulates pancreatic secretion with enzymes. Accelerates secretin activity. Increases enterokinase secretion. Inhibits gastric motility. Increases intestinal motility. Augments contraction of pyloric sphincter. Suppresses hunger. Induces drug tolerance to opioids. |
| 4. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
|
K cells in duodenum and jejunum
Antrum of stomach |
Stimulates insulin secretion
Inhibits gastric secretion. |
| 5. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) | Stomach
Small and large intestine |
Dilates splanchnic blood vessels.
Inhibits HCL secretion in gastric juice. Stimulates secretion of succus entericus. Relaxes smooth muscles of intestine. Augments acetylcholine action on salivary glands. Stimulates insulin secretion. |
| 6. Glucagon | Alpha cells in pancreas
A cells in stomach L cells in intestine |
Increases blood sugar level.
|
| 7. Glicentin | L cells in duodenum and jejunum | Increases blood sugar level. |
| 8. Glucagon like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) | Alpha cells in pancreas
Brain |
Stimulates insulin secretion.
Inhibits gastric motility. |
| 9. GLP-2 | L cells in ileum and colon | Suppresses appetite. |
| 10. Somatostatin | Hypothalamus
D cells in pancreas D cells in stomach and small intestine |
Inhibits secretion of growth hormone.
Inhibits gastric secretion and motility. Inhibits secretion of pancreatic juice. Inhibits secretion of GI hormones. |
| 11. Pancreatic polypeptide | PP cells in pancreas
Small intestine |
Increases secretion of glucagons.
Decreases pancreatic secretion. |
| 12. Peptide YY | L cells of ileum and colon | Inhibits gastric secretion and motility
Reduces secretion of pancreatic juice. Inhibits intestinal motility and bowel passage. Suppresses appetite and food intake. |
| 13. Neuropeptide Y | Ileum and colon
Brain and ANS |
Increases blood flow in enteric blood vessels |
| 14. Motilin | Mo cells in stomach and intestine
Entero-chromoffin cells in intestine |
Accelerates gastric emptying.
Increases movements of small intestine. Increases peristalsis in colon |
| 15. Substance P | Brain
Small intestine |
Increases movements of small intestine.
|
| 16. Ghrelin | Stomach
Hypothalamus Pituitary Kidney Placenta |
Promotes growth hormones (GH) release.
Induces appetite and food intake. Stimulates gastric emptying.
|
Image source: onlinescience
References:
i) https://www.nursingawareness.com/message.php?id=106
ii) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/gastrointestinal-hormone
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Shailesh Koirala
I am Shailesh Koirala