Antibodies are produced ordinarily by infection or immunization in an animal in response to a single antigen. They are heterogenous as they are synthesized by several different clones of antigens, i.e. they are polyclonal. Such antisera contain immunoglobulins of different classes with specificities against different epitopes of the antigen. Principle Monoclonal antibodies are those which … Read more
Experience has confirmed that some organisms are more hazardous to handle. They are more likely to infect laboratory workers than others. World Health Organization (WHO) has classified the microorganisms (i.e., those associated with safety measures in medical laboratory) into four risk groups. The list of organisms in each group may not be same for every … Read more
INTRODUCTION OF VACCINE Vaccine is a liquid chemical substance, which is used to stimulate an immune response in the body. It contains modified, inactivated or killed pathogens or their antigens. It is administered orally or injected in the body to stimulate the active immunity. Immunity is defined as the ability of a body to resist … Read more