Antibodies are produced ordinarily by infection or immunization in an animal in response to a single antigen. They are heterogenous as they are synthesized by several different clones of antigens, i.e. they are polyclonal. Such antisera contain immunoglobulins of different classes with specificities against different epitopes of the antigen. Principle Monoclonal antibodies are those which … Read more
The phenomenon of separation of linked genes is termed as crossing over. Linked genes separate during inheritance and produce new or non-parental combinations in case of incomplete linkage. The parental combinations are more than the non-parental combinations. It is also a physical process of exchange of genetic materials or segments between non-sister chromatids of two … Read more
The blood clots or coagulates within 2-6 minutes if it gets collected in a tube. It changes into semisolid jelly. This phenomenon is called coagulation or clotting. When skin or any other body part is cut, the blood flows out. But it quickly clots and thus stops the blood oozing out. It is called blood … Read more
The differences that are found between the individuals of same species are called variation. It is very difficult to find out two individuals exactly similar in the nature. It may be harmful, useless and useful. Harmful or useless variations make individuals unfit for struggle for existence, whereas the useful variations are quite significant and make … Read more
S.N Genotype Phenotype 1. It is the genetic make-up of an organism. It is the morphological appearance of an organism. 2. By knowing the genotype, phenotype of individual can be assessed. By knowing the phenotype, genotype may or may not be assessed. 3. It remains the same throughout the life of … Read more
INTRODUCTION OF VACCINE Vaccine is a liquid chemical substance, which is used to stimulate an immune response in the body. It contains modified, inactivated or killed pathogens or their antigens. It is administered orally or injected in the body to stimulate the active immunity. Immunity is defined as the ability of a body to resist … Read more