Shailesh Koirala 
S.N Apocrine glands S.N Eccrine glands 1. Present in only limited areas like axilla, pubis, areola and umbilicus. 1. Present throughout the body. 2. Opens into the hair follicle. 2. Opens to exterior through sweat pore. 3. Functioning starts only at … Read more
Also called emesis. Abnormal emptying of stomach and upper part of intestine. Occurs through esophagus and mouth. Causes Irritating contents in gastrointestinal tract. Pharynx stimulation mechanically. In case of pregnancy. Excess alcohol consumption. Consumption of drugs like antibiotics, opitaes, etc. Some kind of gastrointestinal disorder. Urinary tract infection, influenza which are of acute type. Sensory receptors … Read more
An endocrine gland which is bi-lobed, butterfly shaped or shield shaped. This gland secretes different hormones and these hormones have various functions. They increase basal metabolic rate and stimulate growth in children. The functions of various hormones are: A) Action on basal metabolic rate (BMR) Increases the metabolic activities in most of the body tissues. … Read more
An endocrine gland situated at the root of the neck, one on either side of the trachea. Bi-lobed, connected to each other by an isthmus. Weight is about 20-40gm, 4 to 4.8 x 1 to 1.8 x 0.8 to 1.6 cm in size, in adults. Larger in females as compared to males. Changes occur in … Read more
S.N Red (slow) muscle S.N Pale (fast) muscle 1. More number of type I fibers. 1. More numbers of type II fibers. 2. It is red due to high myoglobin content. 2. It is pale due to low myoglobin content. 3. There is less sarcoplasmic reticulum. 3. There is more sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. Blood vessels … Read more
Renal failure is the failure of the kidney related to excretory functions. It is generally understood as decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for which GFR is considered as the best index of renal failure. During the initial stages of renal failure, decrease in GFR is not affected much. But as the 50% of nephrons … Read more
There are a series of cells that are distributed throughout the body that have shared the property of being able to phagocytose unwanted matter entering in the body. Those unwanted matter may include bacteria and dead cells. These cells also have important role in defence mechanisms for which they work in collaboration with lymphocytes to … Read more
The structural and functional unit of kidney is called nephron. There are millions of nephrons (1-1.3 million) in each kidney. The count of nephron decreases after about 45 to 50 years of age at the rate of 0.8% to 1% every year. Nephron is generally formed by two parts: a) Renal corpuscle or malphigian corpuscles … Read more
It is one the most important and largest cellular organelle which has a diameter of 10 µm to 22µm occupying about 10% of total volume of the cell. All the cells in the body possess nucleus except red blood cells. On the basis of presence of nucleus in the cells, the cells are classified as … Read more
It is the condition in which there is great increase in the water content of the body. It is also known by different names like over-hydration, hyper-hydration, water toxemia, water poisoning or water excess. Causes of Over-hydration It is the condition which generally occurs when more liquid is consumed than that can be excreted. It … Read more