Shailesh Koirala 
Introduction A condition resulted by the action of antibodies or immunologically competent cells. Cause structural or functional damage of the normal components of the body. Literally means ‘protection against self’ but means ‘injury to self’ in actual. Ehrlich postulated the concept of horror auto-toxicus. Was proposed while observing goats producing antibodies against erythrocytes from other … Read more
The differences between Salk and Sabin type vaccine are as follows: S.N Salk type (IPV) S.N Sabin type (OPV) 1. Stands for inactivated polio vaccine. 1. Stands for oral polio vaccine. 2. Virus used is killed and formalized. 2. Virus used is live and attenuated. 3. Administered subcutaneously or intra muscularly. 3. Administered orally. 4. … Read more
A chemical substance present in neuron. Transmits nerve impulse from one to another neuron. Thus also called a mediator for impulse transmission. Transmission occurs through synapse. Discovered first by Otto Loewi in 1921. Was an Austrian scientist who practically came out with this discovery. Criteria for Neurotransmitters Various substances are categorized as neurotransmitters. Following criteria … Read more
S.N Insulin S.N Glucagon 1. Secreted by red color β-cells of islets of Langerhans. 1. Secreted by green color α-cells of islets of Langerhans. 2. Decreases blood fatty acids. 2. Increases blood fatty acids. 3. Decreases blood glucose level. 3. Increases blood glucose level. 4. Over secretion leads to hypoglycemia. 4. Over secretion leads to … Read more
Anti-coagulants: Those substances that do not allow blood to coagulate by preventing or postponing it. Taken as medicines, given to the people who have high risk of getting clot. Minimize the chance of facing serious situations of heart attack and strokes. Also called blood thinners. Are of three types: A) Anticoagulants in blood clotting prevention … Read more
Swelling in the tissues caused by excessive accumulation of fluid. Can be generalized and local. In generalized edema, entire body is involved. Local edema occurs in some specific body areas. Areas like abdomen, lungs, feet, ankles, legs are involved. There is accumulation of fluid which may be outside and inside the cell. Edema Types Depending … Read more
Fluid present in eyeball. Responsible to maintain eyeball shape. Two types: a) Aqueous humor and b) Vitreous humor Aqueous Humor Fluid thin in nature present in front of retina. Space is present in between lens and cornea. Aqueous humor fills that space. The space also divides into anterior and posterior chamber. Iris divides the space … Read more
S.N Neurotransmitters S.N Neuromodulators 1. Available in axon terminals. 1. Available in all parts of the body. 2. Are generally packed in small synaptic vesicles. 2. Are packed in large synaptic vesicles. 3. Nerve impulse propagates through synapse. 3. Synaptic transmission is modified and regulated. 4. Change the electric potential- depolarization or repolarization while functioning. … Read more
Name of Hormones Source of secretion Functions (Actions) 1. Gastrin G-cells in stomach TG cells in GI tract Islets in fetal pancreas Anterior pituitary Brain Stimulates gastric secretion and motility. Promotes growth of gastric mucosa. Stimulates release of pancreatic hormones. Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice. Stimulates secretion of … Read more
S.N Liver Bile S.N Gallbladder bile 1. pH of liver bile is 8-8.6. 1. pH of gallbladder is 7-7.6. 2. Specific gravity of this bile is 1010-1011. 2. Specific gravity of this bile is 1026-1032. 3. Water content of liver bile is 97.6%. 3. Water content of gallbladder bile is 89%. 4. Solids are 2.4%. … Read more