Shailesh Koirala 
S.N Food borne infection Food borne intoxication 1. It is caused due to the ingestion of pathogen in contaminated food. It is caused due to ingestion of toxin produced by pathogen along with contaminated food. 2. Microorganism itself or along with toxin involved. Only microbial product i.e. toxin is involved. 3. Number of pathogen increases … Read more
Entamoeba histolytica is a common parasite in the large intestine of humans, certain other primates and some other animals. This parasite is responsible to cause amoebiasis which is the third leading parasitic cause of death in the developing countries. Tropohozoites of this parasite are found in the mucous and sub-mucous layers of the large intestine … Read more
The cyclic movement of nitrogen between atmosphere and living organisms or the exchange of nitrogen between atmosphere and living organisms is known as nitrogen cycle. It is also one of the gaseous-cycle. Nitrogen is the most essential element for almost all forms of life. Living organisms need nitrogen atoms to make amino acids, proteins, enzymes, … Read more
It is the largest gland of our body. It weighs between 1 to 2.3 kg which is situated in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm. It’s upper and anterior surfaces are smooth and lie in close association to the posterior surface of diaphragm. Similarly, its posterior surface is irregular … Read more
The tissues that are concerned with the secretion of gums, resins, volatile oils, nectars, latex and other substances are called secretory tissues. These are of great economic importance. These tissues are divided into two groups. They are: A) Laticiferous tissue B) Glandular tissues A) Laticiferous tissue These consist of thin walled, greatly elongated and much … Read more
Lichen is an intimate association of algae and fungi where two organisms live in close association with each other. The association is so close that they appear to be a single organism. The algal partner is called phycobiont, whereas the fungal partner is called mycobiont. The fungal component forms the bulk of the lichen thallus. … Read more
S.N Root Stem 1. Cuticle layer and stomata is absent usually in epidermis. A thick or thin layer of cuticle always covers the epidermis. In some cases, stomata are also found. 2. Unicellular root hairs are present in epidermis. If the hair is … Read more
Introduction A permanent tissue is a group of cells that have lost the power of cell division and growth. These cells have attained their definite form and size. These cells may be dead or living, thin walled or thick walled. They are formed by the differentiation of the meristematic cells. The permanent tissue can be … Read more
Xylem is a complex tissue that is mainly responsible for the conduction of water and saps inside the plant from the root up-to the top of the plant. It also provides mechanical strength which is also known as wood. It is composed of four kinds of cells. These are: A) Tracheids B) Vessel C) … Read more
The chemical process in which there is transfer of an amino (-NH2) group from an amino acid to a keto-acid is known as transamination. This process involves the inter conversion of a pair of amino acids and a pair of keto acids which are catalyzed by a group of enzymes called transaminases (recently called aminotransferases). … Read more