Shailesh Koirala 
Because of the variability in the clinical manifestations of infection and frequent absence of jaundice, leptospirosis should always be considered in case of undiagnosed pyrexia (PUO). It is done especially when the patient could have been exposed to infection through the nature or place of work or in some other way. After an incubation period … Read more
• The term was coined by an American physiologist Walter Cannon in 1932 AD. • It is defined as the tendency of biological systems to maintain a state of equilibrium. • The body’s self-regulation of hormones and acid-base levels, the composition of body fluids and body temperatures are examples of it. • Thus, the processes … Read more
They were first of all observed by Christian de Duve in 1955. The lysosomes are tiny vesicles which are bounded by single membrane and are made from proteins and lipids. They are found in different organisms like in most of the animal cells and only in a few plant cells like yeast, fungi and in … Read more
The mutualistic association of plant roots and fungi is known as mycorrhizae. There are generally two types of mycorrhizae. They are: A) Ecto-mycorrhizae In this type, fungal cells form an extensive sheath around the outside of the root and there is only a little penetration into the root tissue itself. These are found mostly in … Read more
There are various types of microorganisms that are to be dealt in laboratory. Their potentiality to cause or infect the laboratories workers may differ from one another. The level of containment used to prevent accidental infections or accidental environmental contamination in clinical, research and teaching laboratories must be adjusted. It is done to counter the … Read more
It is one of the immunological medical tests that can be used to detect the presence of either specific antibody or specific antigen in a patient’s serum. This test is based on whether complement fixation occurs or not. It is used for various purposes such as diagnosing infections caused by microbes that are not easily … Read more
Pseudomonads are a large group of aerobic, Gram-negative, non-fermentative bacilli. This contains over 200 species that were originally contained within the genus Pseudomonas. Some of them produce water soluble pigments which get diffused through the culture medium. The members are generally saprophytic in nature. They are widely distributed in different habitat like in soil, water, … Read more
Antibodies are produced ordinarily by infection or immunization in an animal in response to a single antigen. They are heterogenous as they are synthesized by several different clones of antigens, i.e. they are polyclonal. Such antisera contain immunoglobulins of different classes with specificities against different epitopes of the antigen. Principle Monoclonal antibodies are those which … Read more
Sulfur is an essential nutrient for plant as well as animal. It is one of the constituent of many proteins and co-factors. The major reserve of the element is the soil. Sulfur compounds can be used in various ways as oxidants or reductants in microbial respiration. The dominance of one or another transformation is governed … Read more
Experience has confirmed that some organisms are more hazardous to handle. They are more likely to infect laboratory workers than others. World Health Organization (WHO) has classified the microorganisms (i.e., those associated with safety measures in medical laboratory) into four risk groups. The list of organisms in each group may not be same for every … Read more