The rate at which the red blood cells or erythrocytes settle down is called ESR or erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In normal condition, red blood cells remain suspended uniformly in circulation which is called suspension stability of RBCs. Red blood cells settle down due to gravity with a supernatant layer of clear plasma when it is … Read more
•Wound is defined as a circumscribed injury which causes damage in the structure of the underlying tissues or organs by an external agent or force. •In other words, wound is the loss of continuity of tissues following an injury or operation. Types of Wound Wound can be classified in various ways. Some of its classification … Read more
The period between conception (fertilization) and birth is called pregnancy. The pregnancy period generally lasts for 9 months and 7 days. During this period, some health problems are observed. They can be in the form of minor problems and major problems both. A)Minor problems of pregnancy The various minor problems of pregnancy are: Nausea and … Read more
The air entering the pleural cavity is the reason of pneumothorax. Negative pressure that exists between the visceral pleura (surrounding the lungs) and the parietal pleura (lining the thoracic cavity) allows the lungs to be filled by chest wall expansion normally. The pleural space contains only a few millilitres of lubricating fluid that helps to … Read more
Sodium plays a major role being the main cation of extra-cellular fluid (ECF). It helps in maintaining the concentration and volume of extra-cellular fluid (ECF) and also influences the water distribution between ECF and intra-cellular fluid (ICF). It also helps in the generation and transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contractility and the regulation of acid-base … Read more
The lungs remain protected from various inhaled particles, microorganisms and toxic gases by the respiratory defense mechanism. There are various ways by which this mechanism works such as filtration of the air, the muco-ciliary clearance system, the cough reflex, reflex broncho-constriction and alveolar macrophages. A) Filtration of air Presence of nasal hairs keeps the inspired … Read more
An infectious disease which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is called tuberculosis. It is a primary cause of death worldwide that is a potentially curable infectious disease. Death of HIV patients is mostly due to the secondary infection i.e. tuberculosis. The incidence of TB worldwide was decreased until the mid-1980s when HIV disease emerged. There … Read more
Fluid spacing is a term that describes the distribution of water present in a body. There are different types of fluid spacing where first spacing means the normal distribution of fluid in ICF (Intra-cellular Fluid) and ECF (Extra-cellular Fluid) compartments. Second spacing means an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in body (i.e., edema). Third spacing … Read more