S.N Neurotransmitters S.N Neuromodulators 1. Available in axon terminals. 1. Available in all parts of the body. 2. Are generally packed in small synaptic vesicles. 2. Are packed in large synaptic vesicles. 3. Nerve impulse propagates through synapse. 3. Synaptic transmission is modified and regulated. 4. Change the electric potential- depolarization or repolarization while functioning. … Read more
S.N Apocrine glands S.N Eccrine glands 1. Present in only limited areas like axilla, pubis, areola and umbilicus. 1. Present throughout the body. 2. Opens into the hair follicle. 2. Opens to exterior through sweat pore. 3. Functioning starts only at … Read more
An endocrine gland which is bi-lobed, butterfly shaped or shield shaped. This gland secretes different hormones and these hormones have various functions. They increase basal metabolic rate and stimulate growth in children. The functions of various hormones are: A) Action on basal metabolic rate (BMR) Increases the metabolic activities in most of the body tissues. … Read more
Renal failure is the failure of the kidney related to excretory functions. It is generally understood as decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for which GFR is considered as the best index of renal failure. During the initial stages of renal failure, decrease in GFR is not affected much. But as the 50% of nephrons … Read more
There are a series of cells that are distributed throughout the body that have shared the property of being able to phagocytose unwanted matter entering in the body. Those unwanted matter may include bacteria and dead cells. These cells also have important role in defence mechanisms for which they work in collaboration with lymphocytes to … Read more
It is the condition in which there is great increase in the water content of the body. It is also known by different names like over-hydration, hyper-hydration, water toxemia, water poisoning or water excess. Causes of Over-hydration It is the condition which generally occurs when more liquid is consumed than that can be excreted. It … Read more
If a body loss an excessive amount of water than it requires for normal functioning, the condition is called dehydration. Minimum daily requirement of water is about one litre which may vary with the age and activity of the individual. The individual who remains active almost all the time require 2 to 3 litre of … Read more
The cellular organelle present throughout the cytoplasm is called cytoskeleton. The shape of the cell is determined by it and also gives support to the cell. It is of varying sizes and is a complex network of structures. It also helps in the cellular movements and also gives response to the cell to external stimuli. … Read more
The supporting cells of the nervous system that are non-excitable are called neuroglia or simply glia (glia=glue). They do not transmit nerve impulse (action potential) for which they are called non-neural cells or glial cells. They are about 10-15 times greater than the number of neurons. During infection, mostly they show or play an important … Read more
Platelets also called thrombocytes are the formed elements of blood. They are small, non-nucleated colorless and moderately refractive bodies. They are considered to be the fragments of the cytoplasm being formed elements of blood. They are about 2.5µ (2 to 4µ) in diameter and 7.5 cu µ (7 to 8 cu µ) in volume. They … Read more