Shailesh Koirala 
Introduction It is a natural process, which has been derived from the Greek word ‘eutrophos’ that means well-nourished or enriched. This enrichment leads to other slow processes which is called as “natural aging of lakes”. C.H Weber described eutrophication as nutrient rich conditions that is used to determine the flora of German peat bogs as eutrophe, … Read more
Introduction of Natural Killer Cells Natural killer cells are class of lymphocytes that respond to intracellular microbes by killing the infected cells and by producing macrophage activating cytokines. They comprise about 10% of the lymphocytes in the blood and peripheral lymphoid organs. These cells contain abundant cytoplasmic granules and express characteristic markers but they do … Read more
Introduction to infection An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. In an infection, the infecting organism seeks to utilize the host’s resources to multiply, usually at the expense of the host. The infecting organism, or pathogen, interferes with the normal functioning of the host and can lead to … Read more
S.N Active immunity Passive immunity 1. Produced actively by the immune system of the host. Received passively by the host and the host immune system does not participate. 2. Induced by infection or by contacts with immunogens. Conferred by introduction of ready-made antibodies. 3. Immune response is durable and effective. Immune response is short … Read more
Neurotransmitters are chemical agents synthesized by nerve cells. Are stored in secretory vesicles in axon terminals. Released when a nerve impulse reaches the end bulb. Also defined as the chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses. Produce an excitatory or inhibitory response in the post synaptic membrane. … Read more
Introduction Family with many members are not easy to handle and will be problematic as compared to small family. So, the necessity of planning a family is felt which can be made effective by following various measures. Several scientific methods of birth control have been developed in order to have a small family. Thus, family … Read more
Important terminologies Genes: Genes are small sections or segments of DNA, called cistrons within the genome that code for proteins. It determines particular character of an organism. It is a hereditary unit which is transmitted from one generation to another. Locus: It is a particular position or place where gene is located on a chromosome. … Read more
Introduction of gall bladder The gall bladder is a small pouch which is about 4 inch in size, pear shaped sac-like organ and is grey-blue in life. It is positioned in a depression under the right lobe of the liver in the upper right section of our abdomen. It is made up of an outer … Read more
Introduction The tissue in our mouth that expels saliva is called salivary gland. Various glands are responsible for secretion of saliva into the oral cavity. But the salivary glands are mostly known by the three largest pairs: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. They are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. … Read more
S.N Hormones Functions Source Male 1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Increases testosterone production. Aids sperm maturation. Pituitary gland controlled by hypothalamus. 2. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Controls pituitary secretion. Hypothalamus. 3. Inhibin Inhibits FSH secretion. Sustentacular (sertoli cells) in testes. 4. Luteinizing hormone (LH) Stimulates testosterone secretion. … Read more