Introduction Sterilization is an essential stage which is used in the processing of any product. These products are destined for parenteral administration, or for contact with broken skin, mucosal surfaces, or internal organs where the threat of infection exists. The sterilization of microbiological materials, soiled dressings and other contaminated items is necessary to minimize the … Read more
Introduction of chemical mutagens It is a mutation agent which is a chemical substance that mimic nitrogen base in normal DNA without coupling during DNA replication. Moreover, chemical mutagen has an ability to disturb the DNA replication by inserting themselves between nitrogen bases. There are various types of chemical mutagens. They are as follows: Types … Read more
Introduction It is called as soluble RNA because of its small size made up of 75-95 nucleotides and sedimentation coefficient of mature eukaryotic t-RNA is 3.8 S. There are about 60 different specific t-RNAs in bacterial and 100-110 in mammalian cells. t-RNA is synthesized on a DNA template and is an exception to other cellular … Read more
Introduction Specialized transduction can be distinguished from generalized transduction by two properties. Only bacterial genes close to the attachment site of pro-phage can be transduced in this type. It also carries both bacterial genes and phage genes instead of only bacterial genes, like in generalized transduction. So, in specialized transduction certain temperate phage strains can … Read more
Introduction Immunodeficiency diseases are condition where the defense mechanism of the body is impaired lading to repeated microbial infections of varying severity and sometimes enhanced susceptibility to malignancies. In this condition, the system fails to protect the host from disease causing agents or from malignant cells. Deficiency of defense mechanism may include: Specific immune functions … Read more
Introduction It is a method developed by E.M Southern (1975). It combines the use of restriction endonuclease, electrophoresis, and DNA probes for analyzing the related genes in a DNA restriction fragment. It is used for various purposes. They are: To detect sequence homology between two DNA molecules without determining the exact base sequence of the … Read more
There are various components of PCR for conducting this process. They are DNA template, primers, Taq polymerase, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, PCR buffer, dimethyl sulfoxide and thermocycler. 1. DNA template It contains the region of the DNA fragment to be amplified by the PCR process. Successful amplification of the region of interest is dependent upon the … Read more
Polymerase chain reaction has various advantages. Some of the advantages of it are as follows. 1. Cloning genes It is used to amplify the gene which can then be inserted into a vector. The DNA can then be transferred into an organism (the GMO) where the gene and its product can be studied more closely. … Read more
Steps of PCR Many cycles of DNA synthesis are carried out in PCR. These cycles are staged by controlling the temperature that reaction takes place. The various steps are: 1. Denaturation of DNA The double stranded DNA should be heated to 940– 960C to break a part the hydrogen bonds forming single strands. Denaturing is … Read more
Introduction of PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the significant advances in DNA based technology. It is a rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and simple means of producing relatively large number of copies of DNA molecules from minute copies of source DNA (bacterial, viral, plant and animal). It does not depend upon the quality of … Read more