Category: Microbiology

Types of hepatitis A) Hepatitis A It is the inflammation of liver from the hepatitis A virus. HEA virus is generally found in the stools...

Introduction Anaerobic bacteria require incubation without oxygen. However, some anaerobes (e.g. Clostridium histolyticum) are aero-tolerant which may produce some growth on the surface of aerobic...

Introduction to Interferons Interferons are low molecular weight protein, produced by virus infected cells. These, itself induces the formation of a second protein inhibiting the...

The cultivation of viruses from material taken from lesions is an important step in the diagnosis of many viral diseases. Studies of the basic biology...

Antibodies, which are also called immunoglobulin, are proteins which are protective in nature. Usually  produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a...

Complement shows various biological functions which are listed here below: 1. Immune adherence and opsonization This involves the covalent binding of complement proteins to the...

Alternative Pathway The alternate pathway bypasses C1, C4, C2 components and starts at C3 step. It is generally activated by non-immunological means such as bacterial...

Introduction to Complement Complement is the name given to a system of some non-specific proteins present in normal human and animal serum. These proteins have...

Introduction Innate immunity is also known as native immunity. It is a resistance with which a person or lower animal is born and is non-specific....

Introduction The process of ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans is called phagocytosis. Macrophages and neutrophils show a high capacity...