Introduction The combination of antigens (Ag) and antibodies (Abs) occur specifically and in observable manner. There is various usefulness of this type of reaction. Some of them are: A basis for the formation of antibody mediated immunity Helps generally during the cases of infectious diseases. Besides, in tissue injury related to some types of hypersensitivity … Read more
Introduction Formerly known as Pasteurella pestis. Falls in family enterobacteriaceae. Discovered in Honkong in 1894 AD by Yersin and Kitasato. Important medical species are Y.pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica. Y. pestis responsible for causing plague whereas Y. pseudotuberculosis is a primary pathogen of rodents. Similarly, Y. enterocolitica causes enteric and systemic diseases. These diseases … Read more
Various non-respiratory functions are also shown by respiratory tract. Not only gaseous exchange that is the primary function of it. Lungs show defense barrier and metabolic functions. It is the main organ of respiration. Some important compounds are synthesized by it. Non-respiratory functions are: a) Olfaction Provides olfactory sensation. Presence of olfactory receptors in mucus … Read more
There are a series of cells that are distributed throughout the body that have shared the property of being able to phagocytose unwanted matter entering in the body. Those unwanted matter may include bacteria and dead cells. These cells also have important role in defence mechanisms for which they work in collaboration with lymphocytes to … Read more
Introduction The process of ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans is called phagocytosis. Macrophages and neutrophils show a high capacity for the physical engulfment of particles such as microorganisms or microbial fragments from their immediate extracellular environment. There are other various cells which show this process as well. For engulfing … Read more
Introduction Immunodeficiency diseases are condition where the defense mechanism of the body is impaired lading to repeated microbial infections of varying severity and sometimes enhanced susceptibility to malignancies. In this condition, the system fails to protect the host from disease causing agents or from malignant cells. Deficiency of defense mechanism may include: Specific immune functions … Read more
Liver performs a number of functions. Due to its function, it is also called master laboratory of the body. It is an important organ for metabolism in vertebrates. A summary of its important function is as follows: 1) Secretion of bile The liver cells synthesize the constituents of bile from the mixed arterial and venous … Read more